WHILE THIS LIST IS NOT A COMPLETE LIST OF ALL SYMBOLS USED IN MEMORIAL ART, IT SERVES AS A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO SOME OF THE MORE POPULAR SYMBOLS FOUND IN CEMETERIES. AESCULAPIAN ROD: A SERPENT AND STAFF THOUGHT BY MANY TO BE THE PROPER SYMBOL FOR DOCTORS INSTEAD OF THE WINGED CADUCEUS. ANCHOR: HOPE; JESUS THE ANCHOR OF THE SOUL, TRADITIONAL MARITIME SYMBOL AXE: A VOW, CONSECRATION, DEFENSE BANNER: TRIUMPH, VICTORY BEADS: PRAYER BELL: INVITATION, CALL TO WORSHIP BIRDS: HUMAN SOULS BISHOP'S STAFF: PASTORAL AUTHORITY BOOK: THE BIBLE, DIVINE AUTHORSHIP, KNOWLEDGE, SCRIPTURE BROKEN COLUMN: DEATH BUTTERFLY: THE RESURRECTION CADUCEUS: SYMBOL OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION (THERE ARE MANY VARIATIONS DEPENDING UPON THE AREA OF SPECIALTY.) CANDLE: JESUS CHRIST THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD, ALSO THE SYMBOL OF DEVOTION CANDLESTICKS (TWO): JESUS’ QUALITIES AS BOTH GOD AND MAN CANDLESTICKS (THREE) OR THREE-BRANCHED CANDELABRUM: THE HOLY TRINITY CANDLESTICKS (FIVE) OR FIVE-BRANCHED CANDELABRUM: THE FIVE WOUNDS OF CHRIST CANDLESTICKS (SIX) OR SIX-BRANCHED CANDELABRUM: THE SIX DAYS OF CREATION OR THE SIX HOURS SPENT BY JESUS ON THE CROSS CANDLESTICKS (SEVEN) OR SEVEN-BRANCHED CANDELABRUM: THE CHURCH, THE SEVEN GIFTS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT, OR THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS CIRCLE: ETERNITY, COMPLETENESS, PERFECTION CROSSED KEYS: ST. PETER, GATES OF HEAVEN CROWN: RANK, SOVEREIGNTY, ROYALTY CROWN OF THORNS: THE SUFFERING SAVIOR, A PASSION SYMBOL CROSS: CHRIST AND HIS ATONING DEATH, CHRIST’S REDEMPTION OF FALLEN HUMANITY DOVE: PEACE, PURITY, MEEKNESS, MODESTY, HUMILITY, THE HOLY GHOST, DIVINE INSPIRATION, INNOCENCE EAGLE: CHRIST, HOLY BAPTISM, ST. JOHN FESTOON: MEMORY FIRE: MARTYRDOM, ZEAL, INSPIRATION, YOUTHFUL FERVOR, HELL, PURGATORY, SACRIFICE, PURIFICATION FISH: JESUS FISH/THREE: THE TRINITY FIVE-POINTED STAR: THE WOUNDS OF CHRIST, THE STAR OF JACOB, DIVINE GUIDANCE AND PROTECTION FLAMING SWORD: EXPULSION FROM EDEN, WITH SHIELD: ST. MICHAEL GRAPES: THE EUCHARIST, TWELVE BUNCHES: THE APOSTLES, CLUSTERS OF GRAPES ON A RUNNING VINE: JESUS AND HIS FOLLOWERS, THE CHURCH, UNITY HAND: ISSUING FROM CLOUDS: THE FATHER HARP: JOY, MUSIC, SYMBOL OF ST. CECILIA PATRON SAINT OF MUSICIANS, ASSOCIATED WITH DAVID AND WORSHIP, WORSHIP IN HEAVEN HEART: CHRISTIAN CHARITY, SURMOUNTED BY A FLAME: INTENSE ZEAL OR DEVOTION LAMB: INNOCENCE, PURITY, SACRIFICE, CHRIST LAMP: KNOWLEDGE, TRUTH, ENLIGHTENMENT, WORD OF GOD, GOOD WORKS, DIVINE INSPIRATION PASTORAL STAFF: AUTHORITY PIERCED HEART: WITH A LANCE OR SPEAR, A PASSION SYMBOL PLENTY, HORN OF: THE LORD'S BOUNTY, THANKSGIVING POMEGRANATE: THE RESURRECTION, IMMORTALITY, ROYALTY, FERTILITY, THE CHURCH PYRAMID: LIGHT, STRENGTH RAINBOW: PROMISE RAM: SACRIFICE ROD: OFFICIAL POWER, ALSO A PASSION SYMBOL ROPE: A PASSION SYMBOL, JUDAS' DEATH ROSARY: PRAYER ROSE: LOVE, CHRIST, THE NATIVITY. ROSETTE: AN ORNAMENT IN THE FORM OF A CONVENTIONAL ROSE OR OTHER DESIGN OF CIRCULAR FORM, USED AS A DECORATION SCALLOP SHELL: BAPTISM, THE BAPTISM OF CHRIST, CHRISTIAN PILGRIMAGE, AND MARINE AFFAIRS SCYTHE: DEATH SERPENT: DEATH, WISDOM SEVEN GOLDEN CANDLESTICKS: THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF ASIA MINOR SEVEN-BRANCHED CANDLESTICK: THE CHURCH, THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF ASIA MINOR, THE SEVEN ANGELS OF THE APOCALYPSE, THE SEVEN GIFTS OF THE SHEEP, CHRISTIANS TWELVE SHEEP: THE TWELVE APOSTLES, SHEEP AND GOATS: THE REDEEMED AND THE LOST SHIELD: FAITH, PROTECTION SHELLS: CHRISTIANITY SHEPHERD’S CROOK: AUTHORITY, DOMINION STAFF: RELIGIOUS JURISDICTION, KINDNESS, SHEPHERD-LIKE QUALITIES/RESPONSIBILITIES STAR: CHRIST, LIFE SWORD: POWER, JUSTICE, AUTHORITY, MARTYRDOM TRIANGLE: TRINITY TRUMPET: CALL TO WORSHIP, CALL OF THE HOLY SPIRIT, JUDGMENT DAY, RESURRECTION URN: DEATH, SORROW (DRAPED) WINGS: ASPIRATION, FLIGHT OF THE GOSPEL FLOWERS - WHILE THIS LIST IS NOT A COMPLETE LIST OF ALL FLOWERS, TREES AND OTHER PLANTS USED IN MEMORIAL ART, IT SERVES AS A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO SOME OF THE MORE POPULAR SYMBOLS FOUND IN CEMETERIES. APPLE: THE FALL OF MAN, SIN, EVE, DISCORD, VIRGIN MARY APPLE BLOSSOM: FAME AZALEA: TEMPERANCE CALLA LILY: SYMPATHY, ZEAL CLOVER: INDUSTRY CORNUCOPIA/HORN OF PLENTY: BOUNTY, BLESSINGS, THANKSGIVING CULTIVATED ROSE: EVERLASTING LOVE DAISY: THE CHRIST CHILD'S INNOCENCE, YOUTH, RIGHTEOUSNESS, INNOCENCE DOGWOOD: CRUCIFIXION EASTER LILY: RESURRECTION GRAPE: CHARITY GRAPE VINE: THE EUCHARIST, THE CHURCH, UNITY, CHRIST AND HIS FOLLOWERS HOLLY: CHRISTMAS IRIS: GOD-LIKE QUALITIES, ELOQUENCE, A MESSAGE, PROTECTION IVY: MEMORY, REMEMBRANCE, FAITHFULNESS, FRIENDSHIP, (OFTEN SEEN WITH OAK) LAUREL WREATH: TRIUMPH, VICTORY, DISTINCTION, REWARD, GOOD REPORT LILY: EASTER, RESURRECTION, THE VIRGIN MARY, PURITY LILY OF THE VALLEY: THE VIRGIN MARY, HUMILITY, PURITY, RETURN OF HAPPINESS MORNING GLORY: RESURRECTION, YOUTH, PROMISE, BONDS OF LOVE AND AFFECTION OAK: STRENGTH, VIRTUE, CHARACTER, ETERNITY, ENDURANCE, FORGIVENESS, INDEPENDENCE (OFTEN SEEN WITH IVY) OLIVE BRANCH: PEACE, VICTORY ORANGE BLOSSOM: MATRIMONY, CHASTITY, PURITY PALM: VICTORY, ETERNAL PEACE, HEAVENLY REWARD, SUCCESS, RIGHTEOUSNESS, MARTYRDOM, VICTORY OVER SIN AND DEATH PAPYRUS: LOVE PASSION FLOWER: CRUCIFIXION, PASSION OF CHRIST PINE: ETERNITY, EVERLASTING LIFE PINEAPPLE: FRIENDSHIP, HOSPITALITY PINE CONE: FERTILITY, REGENERATION, HEALING POINSETTIA: CHRISTMAS, BIRTH OF HOPE POMEGRANATE: RESURRECTION, IMMORTALITY, ROYALTY, ETERNITY, THE CHURCH POPPY: SLEEP, CONSOLATION, REST ROSE: LOVE, CHRIST, NATIVITY, JOY, MARTYRDOM ROSETTE: DECORATIVE FORM OF ROSE IN A CIRCLE SUNFLOWER: ADORATION, GLORY, THE SOUL TURNING TO CHRIST THISTLE: INDEPENDENCE, AUSTERITY, SIN, THE FALL OF MAN TULIP: LOVE, CHARITY, DECLARATION OF LOVE, ARDENT AFFECTION VIOLETS: MODESTY, HUMILITY, GRACIOUSNESS, AFFECTION, FAITHFULNESS, SWEETNESS, LOYALTY WHEAT: RICHES, THANKSGIVING, LIFE, BREAD OF LIFE, BODY OF CHRIST WHEAT/BROKEN: DEATH WHEAT/BUNDLE: HARVEST, BOUNTY WILD ROSE: LOVE, CHRIST, MESSIANIC PROMISE